Machine generated contents note: 1. Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods -- 2. Early Hominids and Adaptation -- 3. Early Humans on the Move: Migrations of Homo Erectus -- 4. Homo Sapiens and Their Migration -- Introduction -- I.1. Background I: The Human Traits -- I.2. Background II: Precursors to Modern Humans -- I.3. Background III: The Mediterranean Revolution -- I.4. Dissemination of Agriculture -- I.5. East Asian Revolution -- I.6. Parallel First Cities: The River Civilizations -- I.7. The Saraswati-Sindh Parallel -- I.8. The Saraswati-Sindh Trade Factor -- First Parallel Part A. Mesolithic to Chalcolithic: Earth to Metals -- ch. 1 Earliest Human Settlements in India: The Mountain Routes of the North to the Saraswati (Mehrgarh Settlement: Periods I-III) -- 1.1. Bhirrana: Harappa Settlement-Periods I-III -- 1.2. Bhirrana: The Oldest Indus Valley Find -- 1.3. Ghaggar-Hakra Culture: Pre-Harappan -- 1.4. Early Harappan-Mature Harappan Period -- 1.5. Mature Harappan Period: Civil Engineering and Planning -- 1.6. Late Harappan Culture -- 1.7. Towards the Iron Age -- First Parallel Part B. Mesolithic to Chalcolithic: Earth to Metals -- ch. 2 Earliest Human Settlements in India: The River Routes of the North to the South of the Saraswati -- 2.1. Emergence of Food Production and Its Consequences (10000-6000 BCE): A Synopsis -- 2.2. Archaeology of North-eastern Afghanistan (6000-4400 BCE) -- 2.3. Balochistan: Mehrgarh and Beyond (6000-4400 BCE) -- 2.4. Larkana in Sindh: Mohenjo-daro ('Mound of the Dead') -- 2.5. Archaeology of Gujarat: Dholavira, Lothal and Miscellaneous -- 2.6. Archaeology of Lothal: The Port of Ancient India -- 2.7. Archaeology of Dholavira: The Bridge to the Iron and Vedic Ages -- 2.8. Archaeology of Gujarat: What It Means to Indian History -- 2.9. Characteristics of Harappan History: A Synopsis -- 2.10. Towards Inner India: The Coming of Iron-bearing Cultures-The Transformative History of the Indus Valley -- First Parallel Part C. Mesolithic to Chalcolithic: Earth to Metals -- ch. 3 Towards Inner India: From the Northern Mountains to the South-eastern Riverbeds -- 3.1. Domestication, Complex Agri-Food Production and Advanced Metallurgy of Iron Smelting (6000-1000 BCE) -- 3.2. The 'Gandhara Grave Culture': North-western Pakistan -- 3.3. The Iron Cultures in India: Towards the Vedic Age -- 3.4. The Ganga Phase: Towards the Vedic Age -- 3.5. Iron Culture of Megalithic Vidarbha and Southern India -- Second Parallel (Global Perspective). Invasions and Presumptions: Ancient Globalizations, Warfare and Impact on India -- ch. 4 Economies of Trade: Meluhha and Maritime Trade -- 4.1. The Sea-route System -- 4.2. Marine Network and Indian Merchandise: Source History -- Second Parallel Part A. Invasions and Presumptions: Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact on India (4000-1200 BCE) -- ch. 5 Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact on India (4000-1200 BCE) -- 5.1. Earliest Origin of War: The Global Human Imperative -- 5.2. Organized Warfare 1: The Chain Reaction of Rapid Militarization till 3500 BCE -- 5.3. Organized Warfare 2: The Chain Reaction of Rapid Militarization from 3500-600 BCE -- 5.4. Organized Warfare 3: Chariot Kingdoms and City States at War-The Global Impact, 3500-1700 BCE -- 5.5. Organized Warfare 4: Chariot Kingdoms and City States at War-The Global Impact, 1700-1200 BCE -- 5.6. Organized Warfare 4: Chariot Kingdoms and City States at War-Indian Scenario, 3500-1200 BCE -- Second Parallel Part B. Invasions and Presumptions: Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact on India (2000-600 BCE) -- ch. 6.A Indus-Saraswati Valley Culture to Vedic Culture and Philosophy -- 6.A.1. Literary Anthropology: The Story of a Lost River -- 6.A.2. Literary Anthropology: Chronological Possibilities of the Saraswati from the Rig Veda to the Mahabharata -- 6.A.3. Literary Anthropology: The Aryan Immigration Theory versus the Autochthonous Theory-Perennial Debate -- 6.A.4. Literary Anthropology: The Major Sources of Vedic Culture -- 6.A.5. Literary Anthropology: Religiosity and Vedic Culture -- 6.A.6. Agriculture and Economy: Rig Vedic Culture versus Indus-Saraswati Valley Culture -- 6.A.7. Philosophy of Vedic War and Settlement: The Samaveda -- 6.A.8. Philosophy of Vedic War and Settlement: The Atharvaveda -- 6.A.9. Philosophy of Vedic War and Settlement: The Yajurveda -- Second Parallel Part C. Invasions and Presumptions: Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact on India (2000-600 BCE) -- ch. 6.B Numismatics: Historical Progression towards the Mahajanapadas -- 6.B.1. Material Anthropology: Barter Culture and Need for Coins -- 6.B.2. Political Anthropology: From the Mahabharata to the Mahajanapadas -- 6.B.3. Political Anthropology: Rise of the Mahajanapadas -- 6.B.4. Political Anthropology: Datasheet of the Mahajanapadas and Their Mythological References -- Third Parallel Part A. Why India: Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact (1000-200 BCE) -- ch. 7.A The Elephant Kingdoms of Asia: India as Final Destination among Global Powers (800-200 sat) -- 7.A.1. Iran: The Persian Empire -- 7.A.2. The Rise of the Achaemenids -- 7.A.3. The Achaemenids Eyeing India -- 7.A.4. War and Dogmas: The Achaemenid Empire and the Origin of Contra-Greek War Strategies -- 7.A.5. War and Dogmas: The Achaemenid Empire and the Origin of Military Formations -- 7.A.6. Fall of the Achaemenid Empire -- 7.A.7. Foreign Infusion of Coins as Legal Tender in India -- Third Parallel Part B. Why India: Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact (1000-200 BCE) -- ch. 7.B.1 Defining 'Rashtra': Magadha Empire to Foreign Intrusion -- 7.B.1.1. Pre-Achaemenid India -- 7.B.1.2. The East-West Corridor in India: The Routes into India -- Special Note: A Holistic View of Dynastic Progression by Archaeological Evidence -- 7.B.1.3. The Magadha Supremacy-Bimbisara to Ajatashatru -- 7.B.1.4. The Magadha Supremacy-Ajatashatru and Prasenajit -- 7.B.1.5. The Magadha Supremacy-Ajatashatru and Lichhavis -- 7.B.1.6. The Magadha Supremacy-The Nanda Dynasty and Military Prowess -- ch. 7.B.2 Defining 'Rashtra': The Birth of the Global Education System and Pacifist Philosophy -- 7.B.2.1. Expansion of the Caste System -- 7.B.2.2. Expansion of the Urban Economic System -- 7.B.2.3. Brahminism and the Challenge of Scripture Education -- 7.B.2.4. The First Scriptural Explosion: Mahavira and Jainism -- 7.B.2.5. The First Scriptural Explosion: The Buddha and Buddhism's Globalization -- Third Parallel Part C. Why India: Ancient Globalizations, Global Warfare and Impact (1000-200 BCE) -- ch. 7.C.1 The Master of Battlecraft: Alexander III of Macedon -- 7.C.1.1. How It Came to Alexander of Macedon: The Prelude -- 7.C.1.2. Macedon: Kings and Combined Arms -- 7.C.1.3. Alexander the Great -- 7.C.1.4. Alexander's Wars -- 7.C.1.5. The Mind of an Invader: The Battle of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) -- 7.C.1.6. Alexander's Impact -- 7.C.1.7. The End of Alexander's Campaigns: What Was Achieved -- 7.C.1.8. Alexander's Successors: The Dispersion of Hellenism -- ch. 7.C.2 The Military Beginning of the Mauryan Empire: An Overview -- 7.C.2.1. Tracing the Militarization of India -- 7.C.2.2. Mauryan Supremacy and Second Militarization: A Brief -- 7.C.2.3. The Mauryan Military System -- Special Note: Chanakya's Art of War -- Conclusion -- Third Parallel Part D. The Mauryan State: Imperialism and Compassion -- ch. 8.A.1 Chandragupta Maurya to Ashoka: Greek Connections and Buddhist Evidence -- 8.A.1.1. The Geographical Settings of Mauryan Growth -- 8.A.1.2. From the Ashes of Hellenism: A Holistic Measure of the Mauryan Age -- 8.A.1.3. From the Ashes of Hellenism: Chandragupta-A Discovery -- 8.A.1.4. Age of Scriptural Intellectualism: Art of Writing -- Fourth Parallel Part A. The Age of Empires: Post the Mauryas till the Guptas and the Second Global-Domestic Imperative -- ch.

8.B Ashoka: Chronicle of Transformational Leadership -- 8.B.1. What Was the Transformation Like? Religio-political Ashoka -- 8.B.2. Post-transformational Leadership? Dhamma of Ashoka -- 8.B.3. Post-transformational Leadership? Bequest of Ashoka -- 8.B.4. Buddhist Literature and Religious Practice -- ch. 8.C Analysis of the Mauryan State -- 8.C.1. Assessment of the Mauryan State: Agriculture -- 8.C.2. Assessment of the Mauryan State: Manufacturing Industry -- 8.C.3. Assessment of the Mauryan State: Mercantile Trading -- 8.C.4. Assessment of the Mauryan State: Governance and Polity -- 8.C.5. Assessment of the Mauryan State: Interstate Relations -- 8.C.6. Assessment of the Mauryan State: Demographic Economy -- Fourth Parallel Part B. The Age of Empires: Post the Mauryas till the Guptas and the Second Global-Domestic Imperative -- ch. 9.A Global -- 9.A.1. The Power Vacuum Overview: Yavana Kings -- 9.A.2. Nomadic Influence Overview: Parthians, Sakas, Kushans -- 9.A.3. The Kushan Empire and Its Distributed Monarchy -- 9.A.4. Indo-Scythians: Nomadic Goldsmiths of the Steppes -- 9.A.5. Indo-Parthians: The Return of the Persians -- 9.A.6. Kushan Art -- ch. 9.B Domestic -- 9.B.1. The Power Vacuum Overview: The Identity of the Sungas -- 9.B.2. Buddhists on Inimical Grounds -- 9.B.3. The Consort of Pushyamitra and the Yavanas or Indo-Greeks -- 9.B.4. Puranic Family Tree of the Sunga and Kanva Empires -- 9.B.5. The Power Vacuum Overview: The Kanvas (Kanvayanas) -- ch. 9.C Pre-Gupta Short Reigns -- 9.C.1. The Pre-Gupta Power Groups -- 9.C.2. The Mahameghavahanas or King Kharavela of Kalinga

Note continued: Fourth Parallel Part C. The Age of Empires: Post the Mauryas till the Guptas and the Second Global-Domestic Imperative -- ch. 9.D Global Buddhism and the Silk Road -- 9.D.1. Where All Spiritual Ideas Confluence: India, the Crossroads -- 9.D.2. Buddhism Transformed: The Mahayana School -- 9.D.3. Cultural Integration in Buddhism: Sanskrit Confluence -- 9.D.4. The Silk Road Political Expansion: Buddhist Inception of Liberalism -- ch. 9.E The Silk Road: A History in Wonder -- 9.E.1. The Formation of the Silk Road -- 9.E.2. The Nomads of the Midlands, New Frontiers and the Europe Route -- 9.E.3. The Lost Caravan Cities -- 9.E.4. Palmyra: The Westernmost Frontier -- 9.E.5. The Road to China -- 9.E.6. The Spread of Buddhism along the Trade Routes -- 9.E.7. The Red Sea and the Indian Ocean: Commercial Hub of the Ancient World -- More Readings -- Fifth Parallel Part A. The Age of Empires: The Guptas and the Third Global-Domestic Imperative (300-600 CE) -- ch. 10.A The World around India: Universalization of Religions and the Rise of New Faiths -- 10.A.1. Common Cultures and Religiosity through Scriptures -- 10.A.2. Empires of New Faith: Rise of Christianity -- 10.A.3. Conclaves: Universal Christianity -- 10.A.4. Constantine Surrenders to Christianity -- 10.A.5. Founding of the Christian Cities -- 10.A.6. Imperialism of Christianity -- 10.A.7. The Enemy at the Gates: The Fall of Rome -- 10.A.8. When Change Was the Only Constant -- 10.A.9. The Rise of Constantinople -- 10.A.10. The Sassanian Dominance over Persia -- 10.A.11. Emperor of Eran and Aneran -- 10.A.12. Territorial Crossroads -- ch. 10.B The World towards India: Religious Internationalization of Territorial Politics and the Silk Road -- 10.B.1. The Sogdian Overlords of the Silk Road -- 10.B.2. Dominion of Buddhism on the Silk Road -- 10.B.3. The Religio-political Scene during the Gupta Dynasty and After -- 10.B.4. Transformational Buddhism -- 10.B.5. Transformational Hinduism -- 10.B.6. Reviving Brahminism by Code of Conduct -- Fifth Parallel Part B. The Age of Empires: The Guptas and the Third Global-Domestic Imperative (300-600 CE) -- ch. 10.C The World in India: The Imperial Guptas -- 10.C.1. Origin in Obscurity -- 10.C.2. The Pastoral Economy and Settlement -- 10.C.3. Trade, Commerce and Industry -- 10.C.4. Administration of the Corpora -- 10.C.5. Buddhism's Patronization by the Guptas: Architecture and Seats of Learning-1 -- 10.C.6. Art Patronization by the Guptas: Literary Pursuits and Seats of Learning-2 -- 10.C.7. Deliberations on the Hunic Imperative on the Guptas -- 10.C.8. An Argument for and against the Golden Age and After -- Fifth Parallel Part C. The Age of Empires: Regional Powers and the Third Global-Domestic Imperative before Islam -- ch. 10.D The Feudal Fragmentation in India -- 10.D.1. Harshavardhana: Stylistic Imports of Asian Relations -- 10.D.2. Harshavardhana: Socio-religious Expanse -- 10.D.3. Asian Imports and Chinese Delegates: A Veritable Account of Pre-Islamic India -- Sixth Parallel. The Age of Empires: The Fierceness of Independence and the Southern Dynasties -- ch. 11 The Game of Successions -- 11.1. Satavahanas or the Andhras -- 11.2. Pallava versus Chalukya Rivalry and Supremacy -- 11.3. The Wondrous Reign of the Rashtrakutas: The Aid Politics -- 11.4. The Wondrous Reign of the Rashtrakutas: The Lineage Supremacy -- Seventh Parallel Part A. The Age of Empires: Origins and Dissemination of Islam -- ch. 12.A Religions, Blood and Steel: The Global-Indian Perspective -- 12.A.1. The Lands That Were the Future -- 12.A.2. The Visionary and the Word: Gabriel and Muhammad -- 12.A.3. Medina, 622 CE -- 12.A.4. The Arabian Empire, 661-750 CE -- 12.A.5. The Sanatani India and Islam -- Seventh Parallel Part B. The Age of Empires: Origins and Dissemination of Islam -- ch. 12.B Religions, Blood and Steel: Towards the Middle Age of India -- 12.B.1. What India Was before Islamic Potency, and Why India? -- 12.B.2. Non-political Trading: Pre-Muhammad Arabian Commerce in India -- 12.B.3. The Don Quixote Effect: The Classical Influence on Islam- Why India? -- 12.B.4. The Don Quixote Effect: The Islamic Decision-Must Be India -- 12.B.5. Kitab Futuh al-Buldan: Islamic Source-How Islam Entered India -- 12.B.6. Baladhuri's Notes: The Destinations for Islamic Foothold -- 12.B.7. Baladhuri's Notes: The 'Unsupported Instigation'-A Much-needed Cause Was Found -- 12.B.8. Baladhuri's Notes: The Final Nail in the Coffin -- 12.B.9. The Business of War Politics: Non-literary Reasons -- 12.B.10. The Business in the War of Politics: The War Narrative and the Aftermath -- 12.B.11. The Business in the War of Politics: The Hotspots -- 12.B.12. Why the Transition: Arabs to Turks-Turkish Militarism -- 12.B.13. The Slaves of Fortune 1: The Ghaznavids -- 12.B.14. The Slaves of Fortune 2: The Ghaurids -- 12.B.15. The Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate: Early Phase.